{"id":148,"date":"2026-03-30T16:14:29","date_gmt":"2026-03-30T16:14:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/shahed.org\/news\/?p=148"},"modified":"2026-03-31T16:53:36","modified_gmt":"2026-03-31T16:53:36","slug":"001-genesis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/shahed.org\/news\/2026\/03\/30\/001-genesis\/","title":{"rendered":"LSJ 001 Genesis"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tutor: Nick Alatti.<\/strong><\/p>\n

You have agreed to pay for this course by instalments.\u00a0 The total due is \u00a3460.00 of which you have paid a deposit of \u00a3100.00 and the balance is due by 4 monthly instalments of \u00a390.00 which are payable by Credit\/Debit Card.<\/p>\n

Your Student information<\/strong><\/p>\n

Your student number and password for the secure student area of our site are shown below – use these to access your student page on our website (https:\/\/online.lsj.org\/home.php<\/a>) from where you can download lesson modules as you work through the course.<\/p>\n

Student Number:\u00a0\u00a0 26\/013\/004<\/p>\n

Username:\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0RajaShahed
\nPassword:\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 11217100F9<\/p>\n

PLEASE NOTE that the student website is updated at the end of each working day with new student records.\u00a0You will not be able to access your student page until after 18:00 BST today.<\/p>\n

Contacting the LSJ<\/strong><\/p>\n

In case of any administrative query, please contact us and quote your student number.<\/p>\n

You may email:\u00a0admin@lsj.org<\/a><\/p>\n

All emails sent to the LSJ must have your student number (and only your student number) in the subject line.\u00a0Without this, your emails may not be correctly delivered.<\/p>\n

Lesson work and assignments<\/strong><\/p>\n

Each module should be worked individually, the written work in respect of the second module not being started until you have received your tutor’s comments on your previous assignment.\u00a0By working in this way, you will receive the full benefit of your tutor’s advice and comments as the course progresses.<\/p>\n

The automatic system should have already delivered your first lesson. If it has not arrived, please go to the website, log-in, and follow the instructions for downloading a lesson module.<\/p>\n

If you still have problems, please email us and we will send it to you.<\/p>\n

Work should be submitted to your tutor as Word Document. Your completed assignments should be emailed to the school at\u00a0tutors@lsj.org<\/a><\/p>\n

Work is returned by us to you as .doc files or .pdf files, and the Adobe Reader and the MS Word Reader may be downloaded from your student page if you do not already have a copy.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

CHAPTER 1<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n

STARTING OUT IN JOURNALISM<\/strong>
\nWhat is journalism? What makes a good journalist? Historical context. Careers in journalism. British news outlets. Magazines. The newsroom.<\/p>\n

WHAT IS JOURNALISM?<\/strong>
\nAt its simplest, journalism can be defined as the gathering, recording and dissemination of information. That is the role of every newspaper, magazine, website
\nand news broadcaster \u2013 from The Times to the Daily Mirror, from Newsweek to Railway Magazine, from BBC Radio 4\u2019s Today programme to Sky News, from
\nYahoo! News to the Huffington Post. But what sets it apart from other forms of writing? For a start, a large number of people are usually involved in the process of researching, interviewing, writing, editing and publishing the information. Unlike the author or poet, the journalist does not work in isolation, but as part of a team.<\/p>\n

To varying degrees, the medium is also a transitory one. Today\u2019s paper will be in the recycling bin by tomorrow morning, and a live news broadcast has an even shorter lifespan. Publications like a weekly paper or monthly magazine will have a \u201cshelf life\u201d dictated by their publishing cycle and will also soon be out of date and discarded. Meanwhile online stories may be updated and replaced in minutes. This means that everything journalists produce has to be in some way topical, and relevant to people\u2019s lives.<\/p>\n

The reporting of news, current affairs and popular culture demands that journalists have a very strong commercial awareness because their profession is \u201cmarket led\u201d and competition is stiff. Readers are customers and their loyalty needs to be won by catering precisely for their needs and preferences. Moreover journalists need a deep understanding of the digital world and an innate ability to engage with digital audiences, as increasingly the way in which people receive news is via search engines such as Google and social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, TikTok and Instagram, which they will access from their smartphones or tablets. Digital journalism has transformed not only the manner in which news is conveyed, but also the ability of ordinary people to become more directly involved in the gathering and disseminating process. Social media platforms, blogs and podcasts have created a digital bridge between \u201cprofessional\u201d working journalists and their audience, where communication has become a two-way street.<\/p>\n

PAGE 2<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

The new communication channels have harnessed a greater scope for interactivity,enabling readers to leave comments below stories, sometimes in their thousands if the story is contentious. Aside from writing stories, journalists need to be adept at Tweeting, live blogging, writing Facebook status updates, shooting and editing videos and recording and editing podcasts.<\/p>\n

While most mainstream newspapers still produce a daily print edition they may also have a separate editorial team producing content for the website where they can publish breaking stories throughout the day via their social media platforms. For this they have become considerably reliant on \u2018user generated content\u2019 and constantly encourage readers to send in their own newsworthy or quirky pictures and videos.<\/p>\n

Visual information has always been important. Headlines, pictures and videos all help to capture and hold the readers\u2019 (or viewers\u2019) attention \u2013 as well as telling them more about the specific subject being discussed. But whereas in the past there was more scope to specialise in a particular niche, today multi-skilling is the norm. For the newcomer, perhaps the most confusing thing about journalism is the breadth of its scope. Sometimes content may seem of an incredibly esoteric nature: there are specialist publications catering for every subject from cranes and building materials to insurance and tropical fish. Other publications may appear excessively frivolous and flippant, as in the frothier magazines or national tabloid newspapers. But each contains information and the same basic principles of journalism have gone into publishing it.<\/p>\n

The pace of change can be mesmerising though. News publications are still evaluating how best to operate in the digital world in the wake of the decline in print
\nsales and the old business model that went with that. Most have made their online content and mobile apps free-to-access but some, like the Times and Financial Times have established paywalls. The big imponderable is how to monetise content due to the number of readers who have migrated online for their news. The jury is still out as to whether online advertising can replace publishers\u2019 traditional revenue streams but what could certainly be a lifeline for the \u2018old guard\u2019 is if their governments eventually force some of the tech giants to pay for using their news content.<\/p>\n

Naturally the media world is constantly striving to provide readers, listeners and viewers with new information which they do not already know. That may take the form of a major \u2018breaking\u2019 story, where events are unfolding and circumstances changing by the minute, but may also include revelations of a less dramatic nature. The \u201cnews\u201d might be a minor medical advance, perhaps, or the results of an opinion poll, the outcome of a planning dispute, a report of a speech in Parliament or advance warning of a forthcoming event. However minor or momentous the revelation, it is vital that it is communicated quickly, before the news becomes stale or dated.<\/p>\n

\u201cNews\u201d provides the bedrock of all journalism and a shorthand definition of what readers and editors expect from a reporter is NEW FACTS \u2013 NOW!<\/p>\n

PAGE 3<\/span><\/h1>\n

Facts, not opinion<\/strong><\/h2>\n

It is the job of journalists to observe, record and report information. They are the public\u2019s representatives and their role is to discover the facts surrounding any new occurrence and seek out the truth about what has happened. Note that word facts. Journalism differs from other forms of writing because of its obsession
\nwith passing on factual information. There may be room for comment, analysis and criticism later, but only once the facts have been established.<\/p>\n

As a reporter, you should be a neutral conduit for information. If conflicting statements or views are expressed by those you interview, you have a duty to
\npresent all sides of an argument in a fair and balanced way. If people pass on items of unsubstantiated gossip, it is your job to find out whether there is any truth in them, before rushing off to file your story.<\/p>\n

News reporters generally leave the comment, tittle-tattle and lobbying to the columnists, feature writers, bloggers, vloggers and the editor or leader writer. A
\nreporter\u2019s personal opinions are usually irrelevant. \u2018Fake news\u2019 is a rather unsavoury label that is often used to undermine the work of journalists and fuel public mistrust which makes it doubly important to ensure stories are balanced, impartial, objective and peppered with reliable sources.<\/p>\n

The myths<\/h2>\n

It\u2019s hard to think of any other job that is the subject of as much myth, romance and misconception as that of the journalist. With each decade that passes, society grows more demanding in its quest for news, yet only a small proportion of the population has an accurate understanding of the procedures involved in processing that information. Most adults consume news in its variety of forms, yet there is a tendency to take the newsgathering process for granted, with little or no understanding of what goes on behind the scenes in compiling a newspaper or a news show.<\/p>\n

Over the years films and TV series have added grist to the mill through their highly selective portrayal of journalists as eccentric, larger-than-life characters waging war against powerful enemies or inner demons. If we were to base our image of the journalist on Hollywood stereotypes, the industry would be peopled with a motley assortment of power-crazed editors, drunken hacks, death-defying war correspondents, single-minded investigative reporters and back-biting, egotistical TV presenters.<\/p>\n

There may be elements of truth in each of these portrayals \u2013 indeed, many of the more memorable fictional characters may be modelled on real people, living or dead \u2013 yet it can be hard for an aspiring journalist to obtain a clear-sighted, realistic picture of the profession they hope one day to join: of what skills and abilities are required of them, of what their daily routine might involve, of how their career might develop.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

PAGE 4<\/span><\/h1>\n

The reality<\/h2>\n

The truth is that there are no easy, glib answers to any of these questions, since journalism by its very nature encompasses the broadest possible range of duties,
\ndisciplines, salaries and working practices. What is certainly true is that careers are less predictable than they ever were. Some may find themselves made redundant more than once as patterns of recruitment change and new media outlets replace established ones.<\/p>\n

There are perhaps more opportunities than ever, but also more competition \u2013 and often more pressure on those fortunate enough to win the job of their dreams.
\nDespite the challenges, past LSJ students have gone on to take up posts in every facet of the business, all over the world. Some have made the grade on local,
\nnational and international news publications, others as TV or radio reporters. Some work for agencies, others for niche publications in the most specialised fields. Some have capitalised on their ability to speak more than one language, others on their interviewing skills or ability to understand complex subjects and make them accessible to ordinary people.<\/p>\n

While the precise career path taken by each individual will vary enormously, most journalists are able to identify facets of the job which remain constant across the industry and which contribute enormously to their motivation, morale and sense of personal satisfaction.<\/p>\n

Lesson 2 looks in more detail at the precise qualities expected of a reporter, but there are some general characteristics shared by most journalists which should give you an early indication whether or not you are suited to the profession.<\/p>\n

WHAT MAKES A GOOD JOURNALIST?<\/span><\/strong>
\nA good journalist is:<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u2022 interested in people
\n\u2022 inquisitive by nature
\n\u2022 a skilled communicator and interviewer
\n\u2022 able to work to deadlines
\n\u2022 social media savvy<\/p>\n

You simply cannot function as a journalist if you are not interested in other people \u2013 in their achievements, emotions, problems and what they have to say. Since your job is to discover new information and pass it on to your readers, that means not only knowing which questions to ask, but understanding, reporting, clarifying and sometimes interpreting an interviewee\u2019s responses. If you appear bored, listless or uncaring, people will simply not want to speak to you, never mind reveal information on sensitive or controversial issues.<\/p>\n

Gathering the information accurately is not sufficient in itself, however. You have to be able to pass on the facts in a way that will engross and absorb your readers. The style in which you communicate \u2013 your choice of language, formality, tone etc \u2013 will of course be dictated to a great extent by the publication for which you work.<\/p>\n

A \u2018serious\u2019 broadsheet may require plenty of detailed information authoritatively presented and with every angle explored. A regional paper might tackle the same story in a straightforward, matter-of-fact way, but emphasising the local angle. A bright and breezy tabloid will demand more colourful, vigorous prose and may even disregard the story altogether if it has not got a sufficiently offbeat, shocking or attention-grabbing \u2018angle\u2019.<\/p>\n

Apart from the fundamental writing skills expected of the most junior trainee, including correct spelling, punctuation, grammar and sentence construction,
\nsuccessful journalists have to be able to produce accurate, balanced and informed articles at speed, sometimes in the most uncongenial of conditions. The necessity of working to deadline is one of the most demanding \u2013 and rewarding \u2013 aspects of the job. The ability to remain calm under pressure and produce immensely readable copy in a matter of minutes is the skill most prized by journalists and their editors alike. Even in the digital age, there are deadlines to be met. As traffic spikes at different times of day, and for different platforms, online editors are responsible to make sure there is fresh digital content available whenever it is needed.<\/p>\n

As previously mentioned, journalists need to fully appreciate how social media, especially Facebook, Twitter and Instagram works. Not only do they need to write eye-catching posts to promote stories, they need to be able to effectively scan these resource treasure troves for sources and stories. This layer of newsgathering gives journalists access to a wealth of material and contacts from around the globe. It\u2019s useful to check what the people you are following are saying on a daily basis to assess whether there is any potential for a story. There are thousands of Facebook interest groups you may want to contact for a view if you are writing a story that interests or affects them.<\/p>\n

The challenge<\/span><\/h2>\n

There is another fundamental element that may help identify your suitability to the job. Despite the romantic images, there are innumerable mundane, boring or
\nunpleasant tasks involved in the hectic process of producing a newspaper, magazine or television programme. Yet however humble a journalist\u2019s normal role and however small the publication they work for, there is always an element of unpredictability that adds a frisson of excitement to their work. They are meeting or communicating to different people every day. In every interview they carry out, they do not know in advance what people are going to say or whether they have an interesting story to tell \u2013 and some of the hottest scoops have come from the least likely sources. Irrespective of the size and significance of the town they work in, no one knows whether today will be the day that there will be an attempt to assassinate a police chief or that a helicopter will crash in the car park, or that there will be a major fire in the high street. Although such events may be unlikely, there will be hundreds of less dramatic headline-grabbing news items during the course of a year which engender the same surge of adrenalin in the reporter assigned to cover the story.<\/p>\n

You are unlikely to get far if such unexpected occurrences throw you into a blind panic, or if you feel happiest with an unvarying daily routine in which nothing
\nhappens to disturb your equilibrium. That means you will need to relish unexpected developments and seize opportunities whenever they arise. Being in the right place at the right time counts for a lot, but that happy knack is rarely as much of an accident or coincidence as it may appear. Good journalists are always eager to get the chance to prove themselves in unfamiliar territory and if that means volunteering for an assignment no one else
\nwants, then so be it.<\/p>\n

The rewards<\/span><\/h2>\n

Journalism may not always be well paid, but it is rarely boring. Few writers would deny that, however many years they have been in the job, there is still a buzz of satisfaction, pride or even elation at seeing their name published. Even those working behind the scenes share that sense of excitement at having successfully
\nraced against time to present their readers or viewers with an intriguing story.<\/p>\n

Hopefully, you are beginning to get an idea of the unique combination of pressures, challenges and associated rewards which are so savoured by journalists \u2013 and which in turn help them to combat the long hours, gruelling responsibilities and poor pay and conditions which can also so often be part and parcel of their work. You are about to embark on a training course which will provide you with many of the practical skills required to survive in a demanding and often exhausting environment.<\/p>\n

Journalism is not a job for the faint-hearted or the uncommitted. To succeed, you will need tenacity and determination coupled with boundless energy and enthusiasm, irrespective of your innate writing ability. You may have to cope with antagonistic senior staff, disdainful colleagues, recalcitrant interviewees and social media trolls who seem on occasions determined to do everything they can to prevent you doing your job properly. You will inevitably
\nmake mistakes and have to be big enough to own up to them.<\/p>\n

However, you are not on your own. Exactly the same demands will be made of everyone else embarking on a career in journalism \u2013 and those bitten by the bug will find such setbacks a small price to pay for the excitement and satisfaction the industry offers. When you\u2019re reading your story online and noticing the ever-increasing number of comments underneath it, you will be savouring one of the most satisfying moments that any journalist can enjoy \u2013 and suddenly all the trials and tribulations that dogged you earlier in the day are likely to recede into the background.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

HISTORICAL CONTEXT<\/span><\/h2>\n

From the earliest hieroglyphics on cave walls, humans have exhibited a desire to communicate in writing. A daily record of events was issued in Ancient Rome and rudimentary block printing, using single pieces of wood, was practised by the ancients and can be traced back to the 12th century in Europe.
\nBut it was the introduction of movable type in the 15th century that shaped the emergence of the journalism industry that we recognise today.<\/p>\n

Caxton established his press at Westminster Abbey in 1476, and since that time the industry\u2019s growth and development has been dictated by a complex combination of factors which can be divided into four broad categories:
\n\u2022 social
\n\u2022 economic
\n\u2022 political
\n\u2022 technological<\/p>\n

Today\u2019s arguments about censorship and press freedom, for example, are nothing new. With the growth in popularity of newsletters and pamphlets, there was
\nwidespread state and church censorship in the 16th century and a hundred years on, in 1664, Milton was pleading eloquently for press freedom. No manuscript could be set in type without the permission of the Archbishop of Canterbury or Bishop of London and the Licensing Act was not abolished until 1695.<\/p>\n

Newspapers began to flourish early in the 18th century \u2013 the Daily Courant was launched in 1702 and Daniel Defoe\u2019s Review in 1704, followed by many of the
\nregional titles which are still published in Britain today. But with literacy levels low, and the desire for communication led by leaders of commerce and industry, newspapers for the masses did not emerge until expensive duties were scrapped \u2013 advertisement duty in 1853, stamp duty in 1855, paper duty in 1861 \u2013 and compulsory education introduced (1870). From that time, the demand of the reading public expanded enormously.<\/p>\n

Technological changes transformed the industry towards the end of the 19th century and have continued at an ever-increasing pace ever since. The invention of
\nphotography, for example, and its increasing sophistication, allowed the publication of pictures for the first time in newspapers. Once machine presses replaced hand presses, there was scope to dramatically increase not only the number of copies printed, but the overall pagination.<\/p>\n

In 1814, steam machinery could produce The Times at the rate of 1,000 impressions an hour \u2013 by 1848, it was 10,000 impressions and by 1885 the equipment existed to produce 16-page papers. Rotary presses increased production to 24,000 24-page papers per hour.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Journalism in the 20th century<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

Even in the mid-1920s, Britain\u2019s longest-established national newspapers still appeared to be addressing their readership in rather old-fashioned language more
\nsuited to the 1890s. The BBC introduced the nation to the world of radio in 1926, but took an equally serious-minded approach to keeping the public informed. It was only as the dawn of the age of television in 1936 was beginning to send shock waves through the newspaper industry that two national titles set out to bring journalism kicking and screaming into the 20th century \u2013 the Daily Mirror and the Daily Express.<\/p>\n

Under Hugh Cudlipp, the Mirror adopted a more vigorous, brash and contemporary writing style designed to reflect the language of real people, while at the Express Arthur Christiansen was pioneering a brighter, breezier approach to broadsheet journalism. Between them, the papers were paving the way for a fundamental revolution in the way newspapers were produced and received \u2013 the introduction of the masscirculation tabloids. The smaller format was easier to handle and a perfect medium for hard-hitting prose and screaming headlines that would eventually be adopted by all the \u2018popular\u2019 British national newspapers and many regional titles at home and abroad.<\/p>\n

In the years that followed, successive milestones were seized on by the merchants of doom as signalling the demise of Britain\u2019s newspaper industry \u2013 from wartime paper rationing to the launch of the ITV network in 1955, from the introduction of \u2018freesheets\u2019 \u2013 newspapers with no cover price \u2013 to the launch of cable and satellite TV channels.<\/p>\n

Such fears were often understandable. In 1970, free newspapers only received 1.4 per cent of registered advertising revenues, yet 20 years later, that figure had risen to 35 per cent. And back in 1975 when the threat was still not fully recognised, half of Britain\u2019s daily papers and nearly all its Sunday papers were losing money. Colour printing was introduced at the same time, but it was to take many years and some bitter industrial disputes before colour became accepted as the norm among the Fleet Street titles. Indeed the 1980s were a fraught time in the industry, with Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher signalling a crackdown on union power and proprietors like Eddie Shah and Rupert Murdoch attempting to pioneer new production techniques which matched that introduction of new technology with a reduction in the size of workforces.<\/p>\n

As titles faced a financial crisis with the soaring price of paper and unions and management exchanged insults over the picket lines at Wapping, elsewhere textbased television services like Ceefax and Oracle had arrived.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Electronic newspapers were being mooted for the first time and magazine publishers were producing niche titles catering for a broader range of specialist interests than ever before. By the end of the decade, not only was Fleet Street no longer the physical centre of newspaper production in Britain, but there had been a massive explosion in television news coverage \u2013 first with breakfast news channels, then with Sky News in 1989. (Incidentally, you will still see the term \u201cFleet Street\u201d used regularly throughout this course when making reference to the national press, even though the papers once based in this street have long ago relocated and are now spread out all over London.)
\nThe 1990 Broadcasting Act paved the way for the launch of dozens of community radio stations and in 1994 Radio 5 followed the satellite TV channels\u2019 example by introducing a rolling round-the-clock news and sports service. 24-hour news had arrived \u2013 and with it a range of new opportunities for journalists as TV and radio programmes multiplied.
\nIn newspaper offices, computerisation was sufficiently sophisticated to allow subeditors to design pages on screen and send them automatically to print without the need for typesetters, compositors and proof-readers. For the first time, a newspaper could genuinely be produced by a handful of journalists, allowing production costs to be dramatically reduced.
\nA flurry of huge-scale company sales in the 1990s saw some long-time newspaper owners switching horses to invest in books, cable, satellite, TV, radio and electronic publishing. But the gap was filled by companies who still believed newspapers, produced by modern methods and catering for the changing needs of readers and advertisers, could provide their shareholders with sufficiently high returns to justify massive investments in staff and equipment \u2013 including the most modern computer technology and printing presses.<\/p>\n

The industry today<\/strong><\/span>
\nJournalism in the 21st century has changed almost beyond recognition from the 1950s, when production techniques had remained unchanged for decades and the main competition came in the form of the BBC\u2019s nightly TV bulletins. Today, news is provided round the clock on TV and online at the click of a mouse or
\nthe tap of a screen, forcing newspaper editors to re-examine how they package and monetise their product for readers in the face of intense competition.
\nAs more and more people prefer to consume their news online, newspapers are under constant pressure to keep up with this trend and come up with ingenious ways to attract online traffic. Random news stories, features and videos, often described as \u2018click bait\u2019 are posted on social media sites by newspapers every few minutes in an effort to re-direct people to their website where it is hoped they will view and click on the accompanying ads.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Terrestrial television companies have had to react too \u2013 not just to 24-hour news and other digital channels, but to YouTube channels featuring a new breed of journalist or \u2018vlogger\u2019 appealing to mainly younger audiences and offering a wide range of video content from politics, travel, football and fashion to beauty, comedy and gaming. Some are earning huge amounts of money due to having access to thousands, sometimes millions of subscribers.
\nFor newcomers to the business, it is an exciting time, with new opportunities emerging each month which would have been unthinkable even a decade ago. In
\naddition to thousands of YouTube channels and podcasts, there are dozens of ondemand, subscription streaming and catchup services now firmly established in
\npeople\u2019s homes at the flick of switch.<\/p>\n

Yet for all those contemplating their first steps on the career ladder \u2013 even those who are switching from other professions as mature candidates \u2013 the journey still usually starts in the same place it has always done \u2013 as a trainee, learning the practical skills that will stand you in good stead for the rest of your working life. Note the word practical. Journalism is not an academic subject and nor is it sufficient simply to study how it works in theory. The best training comes in the form of intensive, hands-on practice under the watchful eye of experienced professionals whose advice and criticism is grounded in years of involvement in the business and a no-nonsense understanding of what readers and editors expect from journalists.<\/p>\n

CAREERS IN JOURNALISM<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

The sheer diversity of job opportunities in journalism means that newcomers arrive in the industry through a variety of different routes. They may join as school-leavers, graduates or mature students switching from other careers. Academic qualifications are not always of prime importance to an editor who is hiring new trainees, since the skills he or she is looking for in a reporter are practical rather than theoretical.
\nNaturally a basic command of written language is extremely important, but certain key personality traits may matter just as much. Will a trainee be able to communicate readily with people from all walks of life? Are they enthusiastic, committed, eager to learn? Are they not easily fobbed off? Have they the ability to master practical skills like shorthand and interviewing and acquire a sound working knowledge of the law?<\/p>\n

Can they write a concise and compelling tweet?
\nFor regional newspaper editors, there is the additional question of whether a new recruit is genuinely interested in the jobs they are applying for, or simply see it as a means to an end \u2013 a stepping-stone to a job on the nationals, perhaps. Faced with a number of suitable candidates and recognising that on-the-job training represents a major drain on their time and other scarce resources, a regional editor may decide that an enthusiastic local school-leaver with a strong commitment to their home town and an understanding of how local people think is a better investment than an intellectual with a first-class degree who will move onwards and upwards as soon as he or she can.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Editors are equally sceptical of the explosion in media studies courses at British schools and colleges, many of which are of a theoretical nature and involve no
\npractical hands-on journalistic experience. They are much more likely to favour a graduate in a discipline not directly related to the industry \u2013 languages, economics, politics etc \u2013 who has demonstrated ability and enthusiasm by editing a college newspaper or has already managed to submit
\narticles to a local paper.
\nSince the career opportunities in journalism are so diverse, it\u2019s worth taking a look at all the different branches of the industry, even if you are unsure at this stage in the course which area is of most interest to you.<\/p>\n

The broad categories are:
\n\u2022 Newspapers
\n\u2022 Magazines
\n\u2022 Radio
\n\u2022 Television
\n\u2022 Online (which can also apply to the first four categories)
\n\u2022 Press and public relations, digital marketing<\/p>\n

Each of these categories can be broken down in a number of different ways \u2013 by frequency of publication, for example, or the audience they are aimed at. The next section of this lesson studies newspapers and magazines in more detail, but for the moment we will focus on career opportunities.
\nNewspapers \u2013 national\/regional, broadsheet\/tabloid, weekly\/daily\/Sunday, paidfor\/free. Most trainees will work on a regional before moving to the nationals, although a few will take the fast track to Fleet Street, particularly if they are specialists. The nationals have a number of unique jobs (foreign news correspondent, showbiz reporter etc) which will not normally exist on regional papers. Some trainees start work on a weekly paper before moving to a daily, although many of the regional dailies hire trainees direct. There are generally more job opportunities on paid-for titles, although some reputable free papers like Metro have sizable editorial teams too.
\nThere are also a number of papers catering for different ethnic communities, like Eastern Eye or The Voice, for example, or workers in particular industries (like Rail News).<\/p>\n

Magazines \u2013 hobby, professional, trade, leisure, sport, company, in-flight, TV, arts etc.
\nThese are all discussed in more detail later in the lesson. Radio \u2013 national\/local, independent, community, podcasts<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Most job opportunities for journalists exist with broadcasters specialising in speechbased radio, notably the BBC, which produces a wide range of news, current affairs and magazine programmes on Radio 4, the World Service and on local radio stations. Small numbers of journalists will work on news and entertainment
\nprogrammes produced by digital and commercial stations like Heart FM.<\/p>\n

TV \u2013 in addition to the five national UK channels, there are a plethora of digital channels, including 24-hour news channels. Job opportunities may also exist with independent production companies serving a wide array of outlets.<\/p>\n

Online \u2013 the growth of the internet has spawned numerous online journalism opportunities, replicating all the sectors already served by conventional print and
\nbroadcast media.<\/p>\n

Press and PR \u2013 many journalists find their communication skills highly prized in the world of public relations and marketing, where salaries are generally higher than in regional print journalism. Understanding what information journalists need and how they work is vital to those working in corporate communications and publicity.<\/p>\n

Digital marketing: If you would rather promote a product or service rather than a story and are adept a writing a catchy Tweet or Facebook post or sourcing an eyecatching video or picture, this might be a job where these transferrable skills pay big dividends! You might need knowledge of SEO best practice though.
\nStaff or freelance?<\/p>\n

A further career consideration is whether you are best suited to working as a staff writer or a freelance. It\u2019s obviously easier for an experienced staff writer to \u201cgo it alone\u201d because they have the necessary skills and contacts to make a success of freelancing. But if working part-time is a necessity because of your other
\ncommitments, it\u2019s not impossible to start building up a freelance portfolio from scratch. Having said that with squeezed budgets, freelance opportunities on
\nnewspapers are getting harder to find.<\/p>\n

News or features?
\nMost journalists have a natural aptitude for either news or features writing, but rarely both \u2013 although many features writers on newspapers will have trained as a reporter before joining the features team. The different writing styles involved are discussed in detail in later lessons, and for those who really feel uncomfortable with the idea of newspaper reporting, numerous features writing opportunities exist in the magazine
\nand online markets.<\/p>\n

Production journalism
\nDon\u2019t overlook the possibility of working \u201cbehind the scenes\u201d as a sub-editor or page designer, particularly if you have first-class editing skills or a natural aptitude for page layout and design. However more emphasis these days is placed on reporters \u2018self-subbing\u2019 or proofreading colleagues work. Many of these posts include a \u2018work from home\u2019 element, which we will briefly discuss later.<\/p>\n

THE BRITISH PRESS
\nNEWSPAPERS
\nLike many countries, regional papers in the UK are still coming to terms with the digital revolution and how to develop a new business model which is not solely
\nbased on the print cover price and classified\/display advertising. As a result print circulation has suffered and some newspapers have been driven out of business.
\nHowever there are still more than 100 regional newspapers operating in the UK helping to keep local people informed, educated and entertained. What is more,
\nthere are substantially more people accessing newspaper websites, apps and their social media accounts. Weeklies are published once a week and there are also a few bi-weeklies still in existence, usually appearing on Tuesdays and Fridays. Weeklies give prominence to local news and views and rarely carry stories of national significance unless these have a strongly identifiable local angle. Papers vary considerably in size, from tiny, old-fashioned one-man operations producing only a few thousand copies a week to chunky, modern-looking 120-page publications which utilise all the latest technology and may have a relatively large editorial staff. This sort of weekly tends to flourish in heavily built-up areas round the fringes of big cities like London, Birmingham and Manchester.<\/p>\n

If there is such a thing as an \u2018average\u2019 weekly, it might take the form of a 40-80 page publication packed with property, motors and local recruitment advertising and based around one or more reasonably-sized market towns. Its editorial staff might include an editor, deputy editor and a handful of reporters and sub-editors, some of the former possibly working on their own from district offices scattered around the circulation area.<\/p>\n

Many regional dailies used to be known as Evenings that had many printed editions during the day and published six days a week. Some former evening papers, now single-edition dailies, dispensed with having \u2018evening\u2019 in their title altogether such as the Bristol Post and the Birmingham Mail. In the days when newspapers were the principal source of information about a breaking news story \u2013 a major court case, perhaps, or an underground rescue \u2013
\nthere was more impetus to publish updated editions right through the day. Today, regional newspapers prefer to do this online. It\u2019s a far cry from ensuring that their main edition was on sale in a town or city centre in time to catch lunchtime trade, and providing a Late Extra or City Final later in the day to catch late-afternoon shoppers and commuters.<\/p>\n

Regional dailies are far more likely than weeklies to have their own features departments, providing a package of pages which entertain as well as inform, from
\ntelevision listings, cartoons and crosswords to leisure pull-outs and \u2018what\u2019s on\u2019 guides. They may also follow-up a range of national stories on the features pages,
\nusing their own features writers to explore the local implications of a particular issue, decision or debate.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Most will have a sports section and in some bigger centres sports journalists will also produce a range of podcasts for Facebook and YouTube to inform and engage with local football fans.<\/p>\n

Regional dailies range in size from those with circulations under 20,000, serving small cities or large towns, to London\u2019s Evening Standard, the only surviving evening paper in the capital but distributed for free. Virtually every British city has its own dedicated paper. Dundee, Glasgow and Edinburgh boast daily papers, as do cities like Newcastle, Darlington, Leeds, Norwich, Liverpool, Birmingham, Bristol and Cardiff. In each case, the papers tend to support reasonably large editorial teams and a few of them, particularly in Scotland, produce a few different editions during the day. Most will have their own business desks and a range of specialist correspondents dealing with subjects like education, health, crime or the arts, along with features and sports desks.<\/p>\n

In Scotland, papers like the Daily Record, The Herald in Glasgow and The Scotsman in Edinburgh all claim to have a readership across the whole of Scotland and, with the presence of the Scottish Parliament, increasingly regard themselves as national papers in their own right.<\/p>\n

National dailies: Eleven national daily papers are sold throughout the United Kingdom and abroad \u2013 particularly in those parts of Europe which attract large
\nnumbers of British holidaymakers. The main editions of these papers emanate from London, although some will publish editions from centres like Manchester, Glasgow and Belfast to avoid excessive distribution costs and delays.
\nSome of the five traditional broadsheet titles \u2013 the Times, Financial Times, Telegraph, Independent and Guardian \u2013 have moved towards printing in a smaller
\ntabloid or Berliner format in recent years. There are two middle-market tabloids \u2013 the Mail and Express \u2013 and three \u2018red-masthead\u2019 tabloids \u2013 the Mirror, Sun and Star.<\/p>\n

The remaining national newspaper which does not easily fit into the above categories but has been one of the great publishing successes of recent years is the
\nMetro newspaper \u2013 distributed free on British public transport. It now boasts to being the second-biggest daily in the land (behind the Sun). A strong online presence is an absolutely key part of all these publications, not least to counteract the decline in print sales. They are all available in app form too.
\nNational papers are intended to be read with equal interest throughout the country and therefore contain no real local news. As well as all the departments contained on a busy morning paper, there will be additional \u2018desks\u2019 dealing with subjects ranging from financial news to television and pop music. Specialist writers may include book and theatre reviewers, art critics, wine experts and science, eco or technology correspondents. Pull-out sections from food to culture will have their own teams of writers and subeditors, and some nationals also publish glossy sports and lifestyle magazines, especially in their Saturday editions.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Sunday papers: Most national Sunday papers have close connections with the national mornings \u2013 the Sunday Express (Daily Express), Sunday Mirror and The
\nPeople (Daily Mirror), Sun on Sunday (Sun), Sunday Times (Times), Sunday Telegraph (Daily Telegraph), Mail On Sunday (Daily Mail) and Observer (Guardian).
\nThere are also a range of regional Sundays, again usually linked with a daily stablemate, like the Sunday Mail (Daily Record) and Wales On Sunday (Western Mail). Sunday papers tend to have smaller staff than dailies, and are more orientated towards features, gossip, criticism and analysis. The flavour is again national and international, but in order to compete with the dailies, Sundays cannot simply repeat news that has emerged during the week. As a result, they are likely to publish more timeless, offbeat, quirky and sometimes investigative stories. Their reporters and feature writers are constantly probing behind the news to find titbits that have been overlooked or omitted. Again, the Sundays can be split into three distinct markets. Of the broadsheet (quality) titles, The Sunday Times has the biggest circulation. There are two midmarket titles, the Mail on Sunday and Sunday Express, of which the Mail is the biggest seller. In the tabloid market, the Sun on Sunday is the most popular followed by the Sunday Mirror.<\/p>\n

This does not disguise the fact that editors continue to be concerned about the downward trend of print sales, as well as acknowledging that younger readers are
\nless likely to buy a paper than their parents or grandparents, preferring to access breaking news via social media. The challenge for most editors in the 21st century is to increase sales \u2013 or at least halt the sales slide \u2013 against such formidable competition from digital media. At the
\nsame time many established publishers have invested heavily in their online presence \u2013 notably the Telegraph, Guardian and Mail Online \u2013 in their efforts to
\nattract a new generation of digital readers.<\/p>\n

MAGAZINES<\/span><\/h2>\n

Magazines deal with an enormous range of general and specialist interest subjects, and may be published weekly, fortnightly, monthly or even quarterly. They generally have higher cover prices than newspapers (although some are distributed free to members of an association or, for example, owners of a particular make of car). They tend to be printed on higher quality paper and generally contain full-colour photographs, artwork and advertisements \u2013 hence why they are often referred to as \u2018glossies\u2019.
\nMore than 100 consumer magazines have circulations of more than 100,000 copies in Britain, dealing with subjects as diverse as men\u2019s health, new tech, gardening, wildlife, history and cars. Of course, as with newspapers, there is a substantial online readership as well as people downloading digital editions and accessing apps, which has the potential to offset declining print sales.<\/p>\n

Despite this, it is a risky market and magazines are launched (and closed) at a surprising rate. Often, they will be produced by only a handful of staff and, if one title is unsuccessful, employees may be redeployed on a new title in the event of closure.
\nMagazine publishers are likely to have a wide-ranging portfolio of titles catering for interests as diverse as guitar-playing, mountain-biking and cross-stitching. Sports
\ntitles may be produced alongside women\u2019s and lifestyle magazines in the same
\nbuilding, but by separate staff.
\nA selection of the current bestsellers gives an indication of the diversity of interests
\ncatered for:
\n\u2022 women\u2019s interests (Cosmopolitan, Women\u2019s Health, Red, Grazia, Top Sante,
\nWoman, The Lady)
\n\u2022 men\u2019s interests (FHM, Maxim, Esquire, the Chap)
\n\u2022 home and gardens (Good Housekeeping, BBC Gardeners\u2019 World, Ideal
\nHome, House Beautiful)
\n\u2022 celebrity (OK!, Hello)
\n\u2022 current affairs (Time, The Economist)
\n\u2022 food (BBC Good Food, Olive, Delicious)
\n\u2022 cars (Auto Trader, Top Gear, What Car?, Auto Express)
\n\u2022 science, nature, environment (National Geographic, New Scientist)
\n\u2022 health, beauty and fitness (Slimming World, Healthy, Men\u2019s Health)
\n\u2022 music (Uncut, Mojo)
\n\u2022 gaming (110% Gaming, PC Gamer, Retro Gamer,)
\n\u2022 computers (PC Pro, Computeractive)
\n\u2022 sport (Match of the Day, the Athletic, Four-Four-Two, When Saturday Comes)
\n\u2022 film (Empire, Total Film, Sight and Sound)
\nHobbies & leisure: Although individual titles may not boast the huge circulations of
\nthe mass-produced glossies, this is still a lucrative sector of the magazine market,
\naccounting for hundreds of special interest titles, from Amateur Photographer to
\nRailway Magazine and Antique Collecting. Every conceivable interest is catered for
\nand includes not only magazines which rub shoulders with the Radio Times on
\nnewsagents\u2019 shelves, but titles which can be accessed online or bought on
\nsubscription (Bee Craft, Waterways World, Total Carp).
\nOnly when you start studying the magazine market closely do you appreciate that
\nthere are many professionally produced glossy magazines that most people have
\nnever even heard of \u2013 many of which have surprisingly high circulations and are still
\navailable on newsagents\u2019 shelves.
\nTHE NEWSROOM
\nWhatever the size of the newspaper you work for and whichever city or town in the
\nworld you are based in, it is in the newsroom that you are going to pick up the\u00a0 practical skills and experience that are going to shape the whole of your future
\ncareer.
\nIn the late 1990s, many regional newspapers re-located to large, purpose-built
\nbuildings on industrial estates, with ranks of flickering screens, banks of ringing
\nphones and an apparently vast number of men and women wandering around
\nlooking busy, preoccupied or harassed. However many of these have now returned
\nto smaller city and town centre locations due to downsizing and restructuring.
\nSince the Covid19 pandemic many journalists have had the option of \u2018hybrid working\u2019
\nwith their week split between home and office. However, according to the Reuters
\nInstitute many publishers worry that the full implications of the hybrid newsroom have
\nnot been fully worked through, with concerns about losses to \u2018creativity,
\ncommunication, and culture\u2019.
\nIt added that managers also worry about issues like \u2018proximity bias\u2019, where the
\nvoices of those working remotely get ignored while those physically in the office and
\nso close to decision makers benefit by being there in person.
\nWhatever happens to future working practices, the basic staffing structure is likely to
\nhave a similar pattern. In overall charge of the company or publishing centre there is
\nlikely to be a managing director who is concerned with the commercial success of
\nthe operation \u2013 the firm\u2019s profitability, strategic planning and development, capital
\nexpenditure and dividends for shareholders and investors; and whether it expands or
\ndiversifies into new areas or must make cutbacks.
\nHe or she will appoint and work closely with the editor and advertising manager,
\neach of whom are in complete control of their respective departments. How many
\nother departments there are will depend on factors like the size of both the
\npublication and the individual centre and whether it is an independent family concern
\nor part of a larger group.
\nA publishing centre may have its own accountant, personnel manager, marketing
\nmanager, transport manager, production manager and a variety of other key
\nsenior roles, depending on whether it has, for example, its own presses and a
\ndedicated fleet of vehicles. Increasingly such roles are likely to be shared by a
\nnumber of different publishing centres and overall staffing levels have been reduced
\ndramatically in the past 20 years.
\nThe editor \u2013 or in some larger centres the managing editor \u2013 is in overall control of
\nthe entire editorial department. He or she will be responsible for hiring and firing
\njournalists (even if interviews are delegated to other members of the team),
\nformulating editorial policy and maintaining or improving circulation and online
\nengagement. The editor is ultimately responsible for every word and picture that
\nappears in the paper and online.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

On the smallest papers the editor may also be the paper\u2019s reporter, sub-editor and
\nfeatures writer combined. But on most weekly papers he or she will usually have a
\nsmall team of reporters (some located in district offices) a sub- editor (responsible
\nfor laying out and designing the paper and editing copy), along with one or more
\nphotographers.
\nIncreasingly the sub-editing team and photographers are likely to be located in a
\ngroup\u2019s head office and will work for a range of titles.
\nA modern weekly paper with a circulation of around 15,000 might therefore be
\nproduced by an editorial staff of up to 10, although the exact make-up of the team \u2013
\nand their official titles \u2013 will vary from town to town. On a busy weekly paper regional
\ndaily, there will usually be a news editor in charge of a team of reporters. He or she
\nmay also be referred to as the head of content and is arguably the most important
\nindividual in the newsroom \u2013 and certainly the person whom the reporters will be
\nanxious to please.
\nThe news editor will liaise closely with the chief sub-editor, who is responsible for
\norganising the team of sub-editors who design and lay out the pages, and the
\npicture editor, who runs the picture desk and the photographic team.
\nThere is likely to be a sports editor, possibly with their own team of writers and subeditors, and a features editor, again heading up a small writing and subbing unit.
\nOn national newspapers there might be a team of digital production journalists
\nresponsible for subbing, editing and publishing digital content for the website, app
\nand social channels. These roles sit in the key editorial areas – news, business,
\nsport, features and lifestyle.
\nDaily papers tend to gather news during the course of the day and edit and design
\npages in the evening. As it is impossible for the editor to be on duty around the clock,
\nhe is likely to have a night editor in charge of the production of the paper,
\noverseeing the shift that ends at 1am in the morning (or later) when the final pages
\nhave gone to press.
\nWith the increasing drive towards more flexible working practices within the industry,
\nthere are many individuals on newspapers who fulfil a variety of different jobs,
\nparticularly by combining reporting and editing skills. Such individuals are often
\nknown as writer\/subs and are likely to balance a portfolio of different writing and
\nsub-editing tasks. You will also come across the term page editors \u2013 this refers to
\nsub-editors who will take complete responsibility for designing individual pages in the
\npaper, editing all the copy for that page, sizing up pictures and signing off the
\nfinished page.
\nSome editors have opted to organise their newsrooms slightly differently in order to
\nfurther maximise flexibility. Instead of the conventional news-sport-features set-up,
\nthey have created a number of \u2018pods\u2019 or dedicated teams of journalists responsible
\nfor specific areas of the paper\u2019s content and answerable to an overall head of
\ncontent. Each pod, which might contain anything from two to six or more staff,
\nwould incorporate multi-skilled staff who can switch readily between writing stories,
\nediting copy and laying out pages.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Whichever format an editor uses to organise his or her staff, there is likely to be at
\nleast one daily conference at which desk heads will be asked what content they are
\nproposing to include in their section of the paper. There may also be separate
\nmeetings with the features editor and leader writer(s), and weekly forward planning
\nmeetings when the emphasis is on identifying events that are coming up, along with
\nspecial publications, staffing arrangements, etc.
\nDepending on the outcome of the daily conference, the news editor will allocate their
\nstaff a range of different duties. The decision as to who does which job may be dictated
\nby the number of staff on duty, the skills, experience, speed and expertise of specific
\nreporters and the number of jobs in the diary.
\nSome will have to make phone calls and send emails remotely or from the office,
\nothers may have to go out on a story \u2013 either alone, or with a photographer. They
\nmay even have to take photos themselves. On a busy regional paper, a reporter may
\nbe expected to complete a long list of assignments in the course of a shift. On a
\nnational or Sunday paper, a specialist or features writer might spend a day or more
\nworking on a single assignment.
\nA trainee journalist\u2019s first task of the day might be to visit a couple celebrating their
\ngolden wedding anniversary or speak to a mother who has only just learned that her
\nson has been killed in a car accident.
\nYou might have to spend the morning at magistrates\u2019 court or the evening in a
\ncouncil meeting. You might have to attend a police press conference, report on the
\nsuccess of a local festival, or interview a young mum who claims she has been the
\nvictim of online bullying. Whichever assignment the news editor puts your name
\nagainst, you will also know exactly how much time you have to get the story \u2013 and
\nthat may be the biggest challenge of all.
\nAfter writing up the piece on your laptop you may be asked to package your story
\nwith pictures, inline links and video before uploading it to the newspaper\u2019s content
\nmanagement system, in order to create a compelling story for the online audience.
\nThe final piece of the jigsaw is having to promote your story on social media.
\nHaving discovered a little more about what journalism actually involves, it\u2019s time for
\nyou to tackle your first writing assignment \u2013 a fairly straightforward task, but the first
\nof many during the course that will help you to establish a discipline of writing
\nregularly for publication.
\nDon\u2019t be disconcerted if this takes a little longer to complete than you anticipated \u2013
\none of the bonuses of writing regularly is that your speed will pick up as your
\nconfidence grows.
\nOne of the aims of this exercise is also to assess how well you present material
\nwithout being given any formal guidance. Along with detailed feedback from your
\ntutor, you will also receive guidelines on how to present your work for publication as
\nthe course develops.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ASSIGNMENT ONE
\nThe exercises that follow have been devised to help you and your tutor assess your
\nwriting skills and command of English. You will also get experience writing to a
\nprecise word-count. Work at your own pace; do not rush. Your tutor will give you
\nindications of your performance to help you assess your competence to complete
\npractical tasks. It would be appreciated if you could put all the exercises into one
\nWord document or use Google docs. Failing that paste them all onto an email.
\n1. Submit a personal statement giving details about yourself, include your age,
\neducation, background, current occupation (if any), interests and hobbies.
\nState whether you have had any articles published to date and whether or not
\nyour object in taking the course is to seek full-time employment in journalism.
\nComplete the exercise in not more than 200 words.
\n2. Give details of your journalistic \u2018equipment\u2019 and level of achievement in typing
\nand shorthand, where appropriate. State the academic standard of your
\nEnglish and give details of the books, magazines, newspapers, blogs and
\nwebsites you have read recently. How often do you access social media and
\nfor what purpose? (150 words maximum).
\n3. Write a factual report (not a review or a personal commentary) in 300 words
\nafter attending one of the following events. (This exercise is to test your ability
\nto observe and report facts).
\n\u2022 a public meeting
\n\u2022 a public auction sale
\n\u2022 a special event
\n\u2022 a business talk or workshop
\n\u2022 any local exhibition
\nPlease note we forbid the use of generative AI for assignments such as
\nChatGPT. All assignments are now scanned by an advanced AI checker to
\nensure the rules are adhered to and academic integrity is maintained. It is
\nimportant for us to see the raw, unfiltered version of your writing to give you the
\nmost accurate feedback. Any assignment that contravenes this policy will be
\ngiven a zero grade which could put you at risk of failing the course. Thanks for
\nyour co-operation.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tutor: Nick Alatti. You have agreed to pay for this course by instalments.\u00a0 The total due is \u00a3460.00 of which you have paid a deposit of \u00a3100.00 and the balance…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":169,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[4,3],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/shahed.org\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/148"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/shahed.org\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/shahed.org\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/shahed.org\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/shahed.org\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=148"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/shahed.org\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/148\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":168,"href":"https:\/\/shahed.org\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/148\/revisions\/168"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/shahed.org\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/169"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/shahed.org\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=148"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/shahed.org\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=148"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/shahed.org\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=148"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}